The State of the Nation: CPI shows signs of bottoming but to remain in negative territory

Tuesday 18 Mar 2025

06 Jul 2020, 03:00 pm

The CPI’s food and non-alcoholic beverages component has been consistent at 1.2% for the third consecutive month (Photo by Suhaimi Yusuf/The Edge)

This article first appeared in The Edge Malaysia Weekly on June 29, 2020 - July 5, 2020

EVEN though inflation fell 2.9% year on year (y-o-y) in May to mark the third consecutive month of deflation, economists expect the trend to continue in the coming months, given lower crude oil prices and excess supply made worse by restrained domestic demand because of the Covid-19 pandemic.

On a monthly basis, however, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose 0.3% in May after declining 2.7% month on month (m-o-m) in April. According to economists, this shows that deflation could be bottoming.

“Firmer crude oil prices in May have resulted in the CPI rising marginally by 0.3% over the previous month after falling for two consecutive months. This turnaround in the m-o-m momentum indicates that the deflating CPI is bottoming out with the pickup in crude oil prices.

“Offsetting downward price pressures, however, will continue for the rest of the year arising from utility rebates, lower rentals and price reductions to stimulate consumer demand,” says Sunway University Business School economics professor Dr Yeah Kim Leng.

ACCIM’s Socio-economic Research Centre executive director Lee Heng Guie sees the deflation rate of the overall CPI narrowing in the months ahead, and says any price increases are likely to be at a moderate pace, capped by the presence of slack capacity.

He estimates the full-year CPI for 2020 to settle between -0.5% and -1%.

Unsurprisingly, the biggest drag on May CPI was the transport component, as it continued to register a double-digit decline of 20.8% y-o-y. According to Maybank Investment Bank Research, the drop follows the fall in retail fuel prices in line with lower global crude oil prices, the y-o-y effect of the 18% reduction in PLUS tolled highways since Feb 1 and electricity bill discounts from April for six months.

Meanwhile, the CPI’s food and non-alcoholic beverages component has been consistent at 1.2% for the third consecutive month. Economists see the increase as fairly stable and it remains well below the five-year average of 3% and weaker than the average 1.6% rise over the past two years.

Lee points out that food prices are usually more stable than consumer durables during a recession. Companies are less likely to cut the prices of food compared with other durable goods such as clothing.

“Prepared food and food away from home are normally price sticky,” he observes, adding that the government’s assurance of a steady supply of food items also played a part in ensuring stable food prices, especially during the Movement Control Order (MCO) period.

“Following the reopening of the economy, most food items may not see strong increases in price levels despite an enhanced recovery in consumer demand compared with the MCO as the supply is stable and the prices of some goods were moderated by an oversupply or slack capacity.

“During the MCO period (March, April and May), 69.7% of food items recorded increases in prices, 27.3% price decreases and 3% no change in prices,” he notes.

One reason food prices were higher was because of Hari Raya in May, notes RHB Research economist Ahmad Nazmi Idrus, while the weaker ringgit against the US dollar may have also affected the cost of imported food.

Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs research manager Lau Zheng Zhou says external trade policy movements and climate change will have a bigger bearing on food prices since Malaysia is a net importer of food.

In the coming months, economists agree that the price of crude oil is one factor that bears watching when it comes to the CPI.

Yeah notes that a relapse in the recovery of global crude oil prices will certainly exert further downward pressure on headline inflation.

“World crude oil price is still the wild card influencing the trajectory of headline CPI, especially its duration in negative territory that could be mistaken for the ‘economy in a deflation’ signal.

“Core CPI has inched marginally lower, reflecting weak consumer demand. With the MCO lifted, the recovery in consumption spending in the coming months is expected to shore up core CPI and further reduce deflation concerns,” he explains.

It is worth mentioning that deflation in an economy happens when there is a prolonged and broad-based decline in prices. Currently, what seems to be most affected is the CPI’s transport component, which has shown a decline for three months.

As inflation is expected to remain subdued in the upcoming months, will Bank Negara Malaysia cut rates further to spur the economy?

In the first few months of the year, the overnight policy rate (OPR) was already reduced by 100 basis points to 2%.

Most economists do not think further rate cuts are in the works.

Lau observes that both the central bank and the government have pursued expansionary policies in order to absorb the economic shock following the MCO. “Now that we have flattened the pandemic curve and gradually returned to normalcy, I think it is more prudent for policymakers to monitor the development further before making more cuts to the OPR,” he says.

RHB’s Nazmi is also not pricing in another rate cut. With the economy already on the road to recovery, he says, a cut will be seen as “behind the curve” and counter-intuitive.

Likewise, Lee opines that what Bank Negara will likely do is monitor economic conditions and the credit market, and provide additional support and appropriate financial measures if necessary. As such, it may not be confined to further rate cuts for now.

Bank Negara’s Monetary Policy Committee will be releasing a statement on July 7.

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